Table 1 Analysis of basic information and quantitative learning effectiveness at baseline (Weeks 1, 9, and 18)

Basic Information

Self-perceived PSM (3.70 ± 0.67)

3.78 ± 0.57

4.84

0.00^✽

3.96 ± 0.68

2.15

0.10

Self-perceived problem-solving ability (3.60 ± 0.66)

3.75 ± 0.62

4.68

0.00^✽

3.88 ± 0.70

5.69

0.00^✽

Self-perceived cooperative learning (3.76 ± 0.65)

4.13 ± 0.65

7.84

0.00^✽

4.09 ± 0.72

2.12

0.13

Learning satisfaction

(3.52 ± 0.67)

3.67 ± 0.73

3.04

0.05

3.82 ± 0.80

7.4

0.00^✽

Quantitative learning effectiveness

(68.51 ± 15.22)

72.78 ± 10.75

1.8

0.08

73.48 ± 11.66

2.29

0.02^✽