Table 1 Characteristic information of the included studies
Author (year) | Time period | Age | Country | Sample size | Female | Study design | Prevalence | Study population | Examination method | Quality scores |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ziegler et al., 2003 [27] | NA | mean age: 38 years (range 19 to 60 years) | Austria | 209 | 76.60% | cross-sectional study | 34.00% | 71 doctors and nurse | Physical examination using CEAP classification and questionnaire | 7 |
Nia et al., 2015 [34] | 2010 | NA | Iran | 203 | 71.40% | cross-sectional study | 36.95% | 203 nurses | Self-reported questionnaire using CEAP classification and physical examination | 7 |
Diken et al., 2016 [26] | 2013 | mean age: 34.68 ± 8.0 years. | Turkey | 232 | 79.30% | cross-sectional study | 11.20% | 232 nurses | Physical examination using CEAP classification | 7 |
Cires-Drouet, Rafael S et al., 2020 [53] | 2016 | 22–73 years | the United States | 636 | 93.00% | cross-sectional study | 20.00% | 636 health care workers | Questionnaire, Physical examination using CEAP classification and Doppler examination | 6 |
Shakya et al., 2020 [29] | 2017 | mean age:25.6 years (range 19 to 52 years) | Nepal | 181 | 100% | cross-sectional study | 46.00% | 181 nurses | Structured questionnaire, Physical examination using CEAP classification and Doppler ultrasonography | 7 |
Abou-Elwafa et al., 2020 [31] | 2018 | NA | Egypt | 201 | 84.10% | cross-sectional study | 18.40% | 201 nurses | Questionnaire survey and Doppler ultrasonography | 7 |
Prakaydao et al., 2020 [32] | 2013 | mean age:44.36 ± 9.57 years | Thailand | 222 | 94.10% | cross-sectional study | 12.70% | 222 nurses | Physical examination using CEAP classification and questionnaire | 5 |
Avcı Işık et al., 2024 [28] | 2023 | mean age:31.14 ± 8.12 years | Turkey | 100 | 84.00% | cross-sectional study | 17.00% | 100 nurses | Questionnaire, Physical examination using CEAP classification and Doppler examination | 7 |
Xiang et al., 2024 [30] | 2021–2022 | The median age:30 years | China | 1606 | 97.50% | cross-sectional study | 29.00% | 1606 nurses | Electronic questionnaires and physical examination using CEAP classification | 6 |