Table 1 Extraction data

1.

(mahmoudfakhe, 2022)

Investigating the effectiveness of group logotherapy on psychological distress and belief in a just world in patients

Iran

Quasi experiment

30 patients

Group logotherapy consists of eight sessions. These sessions include group introduction, therapeutic awareness of meaning, understanding the meaning of life, individual freedom and responsibility, the meaning of love and personal experience, the meaning of suffering, the meaning of death, and summarizing the findings.

The study found significant differences in psychological distress, and belief in a just world between the experimental and control groups.

2.

(Saswati, 2020)

Examining the effects of logotherapy in increasing self-awareness and meaning in life and reducing violent behavior in schizophrenic clients.

Indonesia

Quasi experiment

74 respondents

Logotherapy consists of 4 sessions, each with 2 meetings lasting 60 min. These sessions include problem identification, stimulation of creative imagination, meaningful situations, and meaning in life.

Logotherapy significantly improved self-esteem, violent behavior, and meaning in life in the intervention group.

3.

(Siregar et al., 2020)

Comparing the differences between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Assertive Training (AT) in controlling violent behavior in schizophrenia patients.

Indonesia

quasi experiment

30 respondents

Assertive therapy includes discussion of violent behavior, assertive behavior training, use of group support systems, and support evaluation. This therapy improves assertive communication skills and motivates clients to be more active.

CBT is more effective than AT in controlling patients’ violent behavior.

4.

(Rismarini & Hasanat, 2022)

Investigating the effect of Forgiveness Therapy on the psychological well-being and violent behavior of schizophrenic patients.

Indonesia

Case studies

3 participants

Forgiveness Therapy uses Koeswardhani’s (2011) manual and includes six 120-minute sessions, twice a week. Topics include uncovering negative emotions, facing deepest emotions, deciding to forgive, working on forgiveness, developing positive emotions, and setting new life goals.

Forgiveness Therapy improves the psychological well-being and violent behavior of schizophrenia patients.

5.

(Praptomojati & Subandi, 2020)

Investigating the effect of Forgiveness Therapy on increasing self-acceptance and violent behavior in patients

Indonesia

quasi-experimental

seven adult inmates

CBT intervention is carried out by identifying unpleasant experiences and changing them into positive thoughts and behavior. SST sessions include techniques for getting acquainted, making friendships, working in groups, dealing with difficult situations, and evaluating the benefits of therapy.

Forgiveness Therapy increases self-acceptance and violent behavior

6.

(Suhron et al., 2020)

Analyzing the effects of emotion-focused forgiveness therapy on violent behavior in post-incarceration schizophrenia.

Indonesia

Quasi experiment

64 patients with violent behavior

Assertiveness training helps participants recognize and overcome passive/aggressive behavior, as well as practice assertive statements and nonverbal techniques for effective communication. Evaluation includes direct feedback and reflection on participants’ learning experiences.

Remission therapy is more effective than emotional therapy in reducing schizophrenic violent behavior.

7.

(Fitriani et al., 2021)

Investigating the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and social skills training (SST) on signs and symptoms of risk for violent behavior.

Indonesia

Quasi experiment

30 patients with symptoms of risks of violent behavior

Three treatment groups were given AT, ACT, and AACT interventions, while the control group followed hospital standards. Evaluation was carried out by observation using a violent behavior measurement scale for 3 days.

CBT and SST significantly reduce signs and symptoms of violent behavior in patients.

8.

(Fahrizal et al., 2020)

Presents changes in signs, symptoms and the patient’s ability to manage the risk of violent behavior after being given assertive training therapy and family psychoeducation using Roy’s theoretical approach.

Indonesia

Case reports

11 patients

Assertive communication training involves stages of description, learning, practice, and role playing. This research optimizes the role-playing stage to control anger and prevent recurrence of violent behavior.

Assertiveness training and family psychoeducation reduce violent behavior and increase the ability to overcome risks.

9.

(Rustafariningsih et al., 2019)

Analyzing the effect of AACT on violent behavior in schizophrenia patients.

Indonesia

Quasi experiment

32 respondents

The supportive assertive group therapy program is carried out in groups of 2–3 patients for 4 sessions, each session lasting 45–60 min. After therapy, subjects were given food containing anthocyanins for 10 days.

AACT is more effective than AT and ACT in reducing patient violent behavior.

10.

(Endang Nihayati et al., 2020)

Analyzing the effect of role playing on the ability to control anger in schizophrenia with violent behavior in society.

Indonesia

Quasi experiment

36 participants

The de-escalation training has a total duration of 16 h consisting of theory and workshop sections. Material includes de-escalation techniques, verbal and non-verbal communication, and handling emotional responses.

Assertiveness training improves anger control abilities in schizophrenic patients with violent behavior.

11.

(Avianti et al., 2020)

Analyzing the effects of anthocyanins and supportive assertive group therapy on the ability to overcome violent behavior in schizophrenia patients at the West Java Provincial Hospital.

Indonesia

Quasi experiment

36 patients

Group logotherapy consists of eight sessions. These sessions include group introduction, therapeutic awareness of meaning, understanding the meaning of life, individual freedom and responsibility, the meaning of love and personal experience, the meaning of suffering, the meaning of death, and summarizing the findings.

Supportive assertive group therapy is effective in dealing with violent behavior in schizophrenia patients.

12.

(Celofiga et al., 2022)

Assessing the effects of verbal and non-verbal de-escalation on the incidence and severity of aggression and use of physical restraint in acute psychiatric wards.

Slovenia

RCT

3,211 participants

Logotherapy consists of 4 sessions, each with 2 meetings lasting 60 min. These sessions include problem identification, stimulation of creative imagination, meaningful situations, and meaning in life.

De-escalation training effectively reduces aggression and use of physical restraint in an acute psychiatric unit.