Table 4 Comparison between staffing measures and CCIFs with adverse events in patients admitted with COVID-19
Characteristics | Patients admitted to acute wards | Patients who required admission to ICU | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-AE n = 7,258 | AE n = 1,237 | p-value | Non-AE N = 1,886 | AE n = 1,587 | p-value | ||||||
No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | ||||
Staffing measures | |||||||||||
aNHPPD, median (IQR) | 2.7 | (2.4–3.1) | 2.6 | (2.4–2.8) | < 0.001 | 3.1 | (2.7–6.0) | 3.0 | (2.6–5.2) | < 0.001 | |
rNHPPD | < 0.001 | 0.022 | |||||||||
Intermediate (5–7 rNHPPD) | 6,705 | (92.4) | 1,111 | (89.8) | 1,217 | (64.5) | 1,097 | (69.1) | |||
Preintensive or more (> 7 rNHPPD) | 553 | (7.6) | 126 | (10.2) | 669 | (35.5) | 490 | (30.9) | |||
Balance, median (IQR) | -3.8 | (-4.2 to -3.1) | -4.0 | (-4.4 to -3.7) | < 0.001 | -3.4 | (-3.9 to -2.2) | -3.7 | (-4.3 to -2.7) | < 0.001 | |
Nurse staffing coverage, mean % (IQR) | 40.9 | (36.6 to 46.1) | 39.5 | (34 to 43.4) | < 0.001 | 47.8 | (39.9–72.7) | 42.9 | (37.1–63.6) | < 0.001 | |
Care complexity individual factors (CCIFs) | |||||||||||
Comorbidity/complications | |||||||||||
Haemodynamic instability | 5,914 | (81.5) | 1,129 | (91.3) | < 0.001 | 1,785 | (94.6) | 1,497 | (94.3) | 0.68 | |
Transmissible infection | 5,694 | (78.4) | 898 | (72.6) | < 0.001 | 1,300 | (68.9) | 923 | (58.2) | < 0.001 | |
Chronic disease | 4,112 | (56.6) | 995 | (80.4) | < 0.001 | 994 | (52.7) | 963 | (60.7) | < 0.001 | |
Uncontrolled pain | 1,342 | (18.5) | 329 | (26.6) | < 0.001 | 356 | (18.9) | 439 | (27.7) | < 0.001 | |
Extreme weight | 584 | (8.1) | 136 | (11.1) | < 0.001 | 173 | (9.2) | 207 | (13.0) | < 0.001 | |
Position impairment | 518 | (7.1) | 227 | (18.3) | < 0.001 | 107 | (5.7) | 211 | (13.3) | < 0.001 | |
Urinary or faecal incontinence | 595 | (8.2) | 257 | (20.8) | < 0.001 | 80 | (4.2) | 120 | (7.6) | < 0.001 | |
Anatomical and functional disorders | 293 | (4.0) | 103 | (8.3) | < 0.001 | 60 | (3.2) | 98 | (6.2) | < 0.001 | |
Communication disorders | 136 | (1.9) | 56 | (4.5) | < 0.001 | 20 | (1.1) | 66 | (4.2) | < 0.001 | |
Vascular fragility | 99 | (1.4) | 34 | (2.7) | < 0.001 | 23 | (1.2) | 26 | (1.6) | 0.30 | |
Immunosuppression | 0.26 | 11 | (0.6) | 10 | (0.6) | 0.86 | |||||
Involuntary movements | 34 | (0.5) | 11 | (0.9) | 0.064 | 3 | (0.2) | 9 | (0.6) | 0.056 | |
High risk of haemorrhage | 26 | (0.4) | 6 | (0.5) | 0.50 | 8 | (0.4) | 6 | (0.4) | 0.83 | |
Developmental | |||||||||||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 61.7 | (17.2) | 72.0 | (15.5) | < 0.001 | 58.0 | (15.3) | 61.6 | (12.6) | < 0.001 | |
Psycho-emotional | |||||||||||
Fear/anxiety | 502 | (6.9) | 103 | (8.3) | 0.075 | 133 | (7.0) | 118 | (7.4) | 0.66 | |
Impaired adaptation | 507 | (7.0) | 98 | (7.9) | 0.24 | 125 | (6.6) | 114 | (7.2) | 0.52 | |
Aggressive behaviour | 20 | (0.3) | 4 | (0.3) | 0.77 | 3 | (0.2) | 6 | (0.4) | 0.22 | |
Mental-cognitive | |||||||||||
Mental status impairments | 1,136 | (15.6) | 550 | (44.5) | < 0.001 | 274 | (14.5) | 465 | (29.3) | < 0.001 | |
Agitation | 69 | (0.9) | 34 | (2.7) | < 0.001 | 9 | (0.5) | 15 | (0.9) | 0.10 | |
Impaired cognitive functions | 28 | (0.4) | 11 | (0.9) | 0.019 | 3 | (0.2) | 3 | (0.2) | 0.83 | |
Sociocultural | |||||||||||
Language barriers | 154 | (2.1) | 19 | (1.5) | 0.18 | 54 | (2.9) | 37 | (2.3) | 0.33 | |