Table 5 Results of hierarchical linear model analyses

Individual level variables

Attitudes towards pain management

0.752^**

(0.169)

0.756^**

(0.168)

Attended pain management education and training

0.466^**

(0.037)

0.468^**

(0.037)

Attitudes towards pain management training

0.079

(0.063)

0.078

(0.064)

Department level variables

Department

0.004

(0.019)

0.011

(0.016)

Implementation leadership

0.356^*

(0.115)

0.370^**

(0.101)

Random effect

Between-group variance

0.041

0.035

0.024

Within-group variance

0.482

0.542

0.483

ICC

0.078

0.061

0.047