Table 1 The characteristics of 34 studies included in this meta-analysis
Study (first author, publication year) | Country | Department | Sample size | Male | Female | Age mean (M ± SD) | Scale | Mean scores1 | Mean scores2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean1 | SD1 | Mean2 | SD2 | ||||||||
Yin Z D (2020) | China | oncology | 404 | 37 | 367 | NA | NOSB | 49.25 | 16.11 | 2.46 | 0.81 |
Yang S N (2017) | China | ICU | 205 | 48 | 157 | NA | ESB | 2.83 | 0.51 | 2.83 | 0.51 |
Meng B X (2023) | China | pediatric | 323 | 0 | 323 | NA | NOSB | 39.49 | 15.23 | 1.97 | 0.76 |
Sun H S (2022) | China | Multi department | 200 | 21 | 179 | NA | NOSB | 56.71 | 10.97 | 2.84 | 0.55 |
Chang J Y (2018) | China | Mixed | 287 | 12 | 275 | 24.25 ± 1.34 | ESB | 3.20 | 0.49 | 3.20 | 0.49 |
Qi J F (2023) | China | operating | 395 | 143 | 252 | 32.68 ± 6.17 | NOSB | 49.31 | 15.83 | 2.47 | 0.79 |
Zhang W X (2017) | China | Multi department | 473 | 17 | 456 | NA | NOSB | 47.16 | 14.55 | 2.36 | 0.73 |
Liu H (2019) | China | Multi department | 406 | 11 | 395 | NA | ESB | 2.27 | 1.25 | 2.27 | 1.25 |
Cheng H H (2019) | China | Multi department | 1012 | 9 | 1003 | 30.16 ± 6.99 | ESB | 34.50 | 9.91 | 2.88 | 0.83 |
Jin L M (2017) | China | Multi department | 485 | 26 | 459 | NA | NOSB | 47.50 | 15.04 | 2.38 | 0.75 |
Lu J H (2021) | China | Multi department | 546 | 27 | 519 | NA | NOSB | 53.75 | 15.65 | 2.69 | 0.78 |
Ma J W (2020) | China | Multi department | 437 | 46 | 391 | NA | ESB | 2.67 | 0.68 | 2.67 | 0.68 |
Yang J (2016) | China | Multi department | 807 | 30 | 777 | NA | NOSB | 61.89 | 12.53 | 3.09 | 0.63 |
Wang Q H (2016) | China | Multi department | 262 | NA | NA | NA | ESB | 29.25 | 6.62 | 2.44 | 0.55 |
Zhang A M (2018) | China | Multi department | 485 | 26 | 459 | NA | NOSB | 47.50 | 15.04 | 2.38 | 0.75 |
Zhang S G (2017) | China | Multi department | 358 | 21 | 337 | NA | NOSB | 68.31 | 11.55 | 3.41 | 0.58 |
Li Y (2023) | China | Multi department | 458 | 12 | 446 | NA | NOSB | 54.88 | 13.88 | 2.74 | 0.69 |
Wang P C (2023) | China | emergency | 210 | 33 | 177 | NA | NOSB | 54.70 | 15.02 | 2.74 | 0.75 |
Wang F H (2016) | China | psychiatry | 603 | 26 | 577 | NA | ESB | 37.66 | 6.46 | 3.14 | 0.54 |
Chen L (2022) | China | gynecology and obstetrics | 207 | NA | NA | 32.34 ± 10.34 | NOSB | 44.88 | 16.45 | 2.24 | 0.82 |
Huang M H (2020) | China | Multi department | 464 | 0 | 464 | NA | ESB | 33.84 | 8.57 | 2.82 | 0.71 |
Wang D H (2018) | China | Multi department | 451 | 5 | 446 | NA | ESB | 33.78 | 8.66 | 2.82 | 0.72 |
Zhong T (2016) | China | Multi department | 603 | 26 | 577 | 30.22 ± 6.88 | ESB | 3.13 | 0.54 | 3.13 | 0.54 |
Cao R (2019) | China | neurology | 262 | 14 | 248 | NA | ESB | 33.25 | 10.80 | 2.77 | 0.90 |
Meng W (2020) | China | Multi department | 226 | 11 | 215 | 27.29 ± 5.87 | NOSB | 48.69 | 15.38 | 2.43 | 0.77 |
Zhou A Q (2022) | China | operating | 235 | 41 | 194 | NA | NOSB | 47.34 | 17.14 | 2.37 | 0.86 |
Wang Y (2017) | China | operating | 405 | 46 | 359 | NA | NOSB | 52.04 | 14.97 | 2.60 | 0.75 |
Yuan C J (2023) | China | pediatric | 201 | 5 | 196 | NA | ESB | 36.21 | 8.75 | 3.02 | 0.73 |
Xiong J (2019) | China | oncology | 278 | NA | NA | NA | NOSB | 51.27 | 17.28 | 2.56 | 0.86 |
Eun-Young Dool (2019) | Korea | Multi department | 301 | 8 | 293 | 26.75 ± 3.69 | OSS | 2.42 | 0.53 | 2.42 | 0.53 |
Serap Parlar Kılı (2020) | Turkey | Multi department | 671 | 132 | 539 | 29.39 ± 7.20 | OSS | 3.18 | 0.79 | 3.18 | 0.79 |
G. Kaya (2021) | Turkey | Multi department | 341 | 67 | 274 | NA | OSS | 2.85 | 0.59 | 2.85 | 0.59 |
Fedayi Ya˘gara (2023) | Turkey | Multi department | 224 | 23 | 201 | NA | OSS | 2.90 | 0.61 | 2.90 | 0.61 |
Aslan SK (2020) | Turkey | Multi department | 169 | 32 | 137 | NA | OSBS | 2.77 | 0.92 | 2.77 | 0.92 |