Table 6 Neonatal morbidity, nosocomial infection outcomes, and hospital course based on NMAT assessment

Nosocomial infections

- Late-onset sepsis, n (%)

8 (6.7) [1]

20 (16.7) [1]

0.40 (0.19–0.85)*

10.0 (6.2–31.8)

0.014

- Pneumonia, n (%)

6 (5.0) [0]

15 (12.5) [2]

0.40 (0.16–0.98)*

14.3 (7.5–91.6)

0.042

- Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), n (%)

10 (8.3) [1]

25 (20.8) [1]

0.40 (0.21–0.78)**

8.3 (5.4–21.7)

0.006

- Any infection, n (%)

18 (15.0) [0]

40 (33.3) [0]

0.45 (0.27–0.75)**

6.3 (4.2–12.1)

<0.001

Clinical parameters

- Days of antibiotics, mean (SD)

5.0 (2.5) [1]

8.2 (3.1) [2]

−3.2 (−3.9, − 2.5)**

1.10

<0.001

- Temperature instability, n (%)

12 (10.0) [0]

30 (25.0) [1]

0.40 (0.22–0.72)**

N/A

0.004

- Feeding intolerance, n (%)

15 (12.5) [1]

35 (29.2) [0]

0.43 (0.25–0.73)**

N/A

0.002

- Apnea episodes, n (%)

10 (8.3) [0]

25 (20.8) [1]

0.40 (0.21–0.76)**

N/A

0.007

- Hospital course

- Length of stay (days), mean (SD)

18.0 (5.0) [0]

24.5 (6.0) [1]

−6.5 (−7.9, − 5.1)**

1.15

<0.001

- CPAP duration (days), mean (SD)

3.0 (1.7) [1]

5.0 (2.1) [0]

−2.0 (−2.5, − 1.5)**

1.05

<0.001

- Readmission rate, n (%)

5 (4.2) [0]

12 (10.0) [1]

0.42 (0.15–1.13)

N/A

0.068

Multivariate analysis

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

- No KMC implementation

2.70 (1.85–3.95)**

<0.001

- Birth weight < 1500 g

2.00 (1.25–3.20)**

0.004

- CPAP > 4 days

1.80 (1.15–2.80)**

0.007

- Delayed feeding

1.75 (1.10–2.65)*

0.016