Exploring faculty perceptions and concerns regarding artificial intelligence Chatbots in nursing education: potential benefits and limitations

Saleh, Zyad T.; Rababa, Majdi; Elshatarat, Rami A.; Alharbi, Muna; Alhumaidi, Bandar Naffaa; Al-Za’areer, Majed S.; Jarrad, Reem Ahmad; Al Niarat, Tahany Fareed; Almagharbeh, Wesam T.; Al-Sayaghi, Khaled Mohammed; Fadila, Doaa El Sayed

doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03082-0

Table 3 A multivariate analysis of covariance on perceived benefits and limitations of AI chatbots

From: Exploring faculty perceptions and concerns regarding artificial intelligence Chatbots in nursing education: potential benefits and limitations

Perceptions	Variable	B	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared
Perceived benefits	Age	65.69	< 0.001	0.30
	Gender ^a	− 0.49	0.69	< 0.001
	Faculty location ^b	0.38	0.51	0.001
	University affiliation ^c	2.54	0.10	0.007
	Years of academic experience	0.08	0.41	0.002
	Academic position	0.04	0.94	< 0.001
	Usage pattern in teaching, research, or self-learning
	Never ^d	-18.38	< 0.001	0.22
	Rarely ^d	-6.81	< 0.001	0.06
	Occasionally ^d	-5.57	< 0.001	0.04
Perceived concerns about interaction and personalization	Age	0.04	0.59	0.001
	Gender ^a	− 0.31	0.73	< 0.001
	Faculty location ^b	− 0.95	0.25	0.002
	University affiliation ^c	− 0.96	0.41	0.002
	Years of academic experience	− 0.28	< 0.001	0.04
	Academic position	1.06	0.002	0.03
	Usage pattern in teaching, research, or self-learning
	Never ^d	-4.21	0.002	0.03
	Rarely ^d	− 0.79	0.46	0.001
	Occasionally ^d	-2.73	0.01	0.02
Perceived limitations in learning and adaptability	Age	− 0.07	0.26	0.003
	Gender ^a	− 0.387	0.612	0.001
	Faculty location ^b	0.09	0.82	< 0.001
	University affiliation ^c	-1.29	0.19	0.005
	Years of academic experience	− 0.06	0.31	0.003
	Academic position	0.33	0.25	0.003
	Usage pattern in teaching, research, or self-learning
	Never ^d	-3.44	0.002	0.02
	Rarely ^d	1.36	0.13	0.006
	Occasionally ^d	− 0.61	0.49	0.001
Perceived implementation and integration concerns	Age	0.07	0.04	0.01
	Gender ^a	− 0.02	0.95	< 0.001
	Faculty location ^b	0.003	0.99	< 0.001
	University affiliation ^c	1.03	0.05	0.01
	Years of academic experience	− 0.05	0.11	0.007
	Academic position	0.44	0.004	0.02
	Usage pattern in teaching, research, or self-learning
	Never ^d	-1.78	0.003	0.02
	Rarely ^d	-1.11	0.02	0.01
	Occasionally ^d	− 0.54	0.26	0.003
Perceived reliability and misinformation concerns	Age	− 0.03	0.26	0.003
	Gender ^a	0.27	0.46	0.001
	Faculty location ^b	0.11	0.54	0.001
	University affiliation ^c	1.14	0.02	0.02
	Years of academic experience	0.01	0.69	0.000
	Academic position	0.19	0.18	0.005
	Usage pattern in teaching, research, or self-learning
	Never ^d	-3.65	< 0.001	0.11
	Rarely ^d	− 0.97	0.03	0.01
	Occasionally ^d	− 0.45	0.30	0.003

Reference group:
^a Gender (female)
^b Faculty Location (United States)
^c University affiliation (private institution)
^d Usage pattern in teaching, research, or self-learning (Frequently or more)

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ISSN: 1472-6955

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