Table 3 Between group effects
From: Effectiveness of virtual clinical learning in nursing education: a systematic review
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Effect size-between group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Author | Year | Group | Variables | T0M(SD) | T1M(SD) | MΔ (ES) | T2M(SD) | MΔ (ES) | |
1 | Kim [42] | 2012 | Exp (n = 35) | Communication skills | 3.7(0.6) | 4.3(0.5) | 0.3(0.5)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 35) |  | 3.9(0.6) | 4.0(0.6) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 35) | Clinical competence | 3.5(0.5) | 4.2(0.4) | 0.4(0.9)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 35) |  | 3.7(0.5) | 3.8(0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 35) | Nursing process | 3.3(0.5) | 4.0(0.6) | 0.3(0.5) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 35) |  | 3.4(0.6) | 3.7(0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 35) | Direct nursing intervention | 3.4(0.6) | 3.9(0.7) | 0.3(0.5) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 35) |  | 3.4(0.6) | 3.6(0.6) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 35) | Education for patients | 3.6(0.7) | 4.3(0.5) | 0.4(0.8)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 35) |  | 3.9(0.6) | 3.9(0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 35) | Physical examination patient and monitoring | 3.3(0.6) | 4.0(0.8) | 0.3(0.4)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 35) |  | 3.5(0.6) | 3.7(0.7) |  |  |  | |
2 | Lee [43] | 2016 | Exp (n = 23) | Nursing core competencies (total) | 197.0(24.6) | 256.5(32.3) | 9.2(0.3)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 26) |  | 229.0(41.4) | 247.3(23.2) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 23) | Special nursing competency | 21.3(3.6) | 31.2(4.7) | 2.5(0.5)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 26) |  | 26.3(6.4) | 28.7(5.1) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 23) | Understanding humans and Communication | 64.3(9.2) | 79.6(10.1) | 3.1(0.4)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 26) |  | 70.0(14.6) | 76.5(7.4) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 23) | General nursing competency | 34.7(4.7) | 46.4(6.4) | 0.9(0.3) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 23) | Problem solving | 157.7(16.2) | 165.2(15.2) | 4.8(-0.2) | NA | NA | |
3 | Choi [44] | 2018 | Exp (n = 28) | Communication (Patients) |  | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.1(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 3.2 (0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Physical assessment and documentation |  | 2.8 (0.5) | 0.1(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 2.7 (0.6) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Implementation of planned nursing intervention |  | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.1(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 2.8(0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Understanding of patients’ nursing problem |  | 3.4 (0.5) | 0.2(0.4) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 3.2 (0.4) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Outcome evaluation of nursing intervention |  | 2.9 (0.7) | 0.1(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 2.8(0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Planning of evidence-based nursing intervention |  | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.2(0.4) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 3.1 (0.7) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Setting of long and short nursing goal |  | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.0(0.0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 3.1 (0.4) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Planning and implementation of health education |  | 3.1 (0.6) | 0.0(0.0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 3.1 (0.6) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Communication (Nurses & other healthcare providers) |  | 2.8 (0.4) | 0.4(0.9) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 2.5 (0.7) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Nursing diagnosis according to priority |  | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.0(0.0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 3.3 (0.5) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 28) | Nursing intervention and documentation |  | 3.2 (0.5) | 0.3(0.6) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 2.9(0.5) |  |  |  | |
4 | Kang & Yu [45] | 2018 | Exp (n = 60) | Problem solving process |  | 113.7(12.3) | 9.9(0.8)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 63) |  |  | 103.8(13.1) |  |  |  | |
5 | Bate [46] | 2019 | Exp (n = 73) | By interviewing patient |  | 4.0(1.0) | 0.4(0.6)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.6(1.2) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | By observing patient |  | 4.2(0.8) | 0.2(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.0(1.0) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Measuring patient data |  | 4.2(0.8) | 0(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.2(0.9) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Understanding signs and symptoms for problem identification |  | 4.3(0.8) | 0(0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.3(0.8) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Developing a nursing diagnosis |  | 4.2(0.8) | 0.2(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.0(0.9) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Recognizing signs and symptoms early in the event of deterioration in patient’s health condition. |  | 4.1(0.8) | 0.0(0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.1(0.9) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Independent decision making |  | 4.1(0.8) | 0.4(0.4)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.7(0.8) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Collaborative decision making |  | 3.5(1.2) | 0.5(0.4) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.0(1.1) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Prompt decision regarding patient’s care |  | 3.9(0.9) | 0.1(0.1) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.8(0.9) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Prioritize the needs for patient’s care |  | 3.7(1.0) | 0.2(-0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.9(1.1) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Setting goals |  | 3.4(1.0) | 0(0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.4(1.2) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Planning intervention |  | 3.5(1.1) | 0.1(-0.1) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 3.6(1.1) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Implementing nursing actions |  | 4.1(0.9) | 0(0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.1(0.7) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 73) | Communicating patient’s current conditions clearly |  | 4.4(0.8) | 0.1(0.1) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 73) |  |  | 4.3(0.9) |  |  |  | |
6 | Kim [47] | 2019 | Exp (n = 34) | Assessment |  | 14.9(1.7) | -0.2(-0.1) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 40) |  |  | 15.1(1.8) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 34) | Diagnosis |  | 7.6(0 0.8) | 0.2(0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 40) |  |  | 7.4(0 0.9) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 34) | Implementation |  | 9.8(1.3) | -0.3(-0.2) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 40) |  |  | 10.1(1.4) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 34) | Evaluation |  | 3.4(0 0.5) | 0.0(0.0) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 40) |  |  | 3.4(0 0.6) |  |  |  | |
7 | Oh [48] | 2021 | Exp (n = 26) | Problem solving process | 97.6(16.9) | 123.0(19.7) | 11.6(0.7)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  | 105.2(14.0) | 111.4(13.2) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 30) |  |  | 5.9(0.5) |  | 6.7(1.2) |  | |
8 | Seo & Eom [49] | 2021 | Exp (n = 25) | Problem-solving process |  | 74.3(17.3) | 10.6(-0.6) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 20) |  |  | 84.9(17.9) |  |  |  | |
9 | Chang [31] | 2023 | Exp (n = 21) | OSCE competency |  | 8.6(0.9) | 0.6(0.7)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 21) |  |  | 8.0(0.8) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 21) | Problem-solving |  | 4.4(0.6) | 1.1(2.2)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 21) |  |  | 3.3(0.4) |  |  |  | |
10 | Cengiz [50] | 2023 | Exp (n = 57) | Problem solving (Confidence in problem solving) | 31.5(9.8) | 28.2(9.8) | -3.8(0.4)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 55) |  | 30.7(8.7) | 32.0(9.4) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 57) | Problem solving (Approach-avoidance style) | 45.8(14.2) | 40.0(11.6) | -5.5(0.5)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 55) |  | 43.8(12.4) | 45.5(11.0) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 57) | Problem solving (personal control) | 17.2(3.2) | 16.1(3.2) | -0.4(-0.1) | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 55) |  | 17.0(3.2) | 16.5(3.9) |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 57) | Problem solving inventory Total | 94.5(24.1) | 84.3(20.0) | -9.8(-0.5)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 55) |  | 91.5(19.9) | 94.1(18.7) |  |  |  | |
11 | Chang & Yang [51] | 2024 | Exp (n = 21) | Communication | 4.6(0.5) | 0.5(0.7)* | NA | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 23) |  | 4.1(0.8) |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Exp (n = 21) | Complex problem solving | 4.7(0.5) | 0.2(0.3)* | NA | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 23) |  | 4.1(0.8) |  |  |  |  | |
12 | Lin [30] | 2024 | Exp (n = 63) | Problem solving skills | 4.0(1.0) | 4.5(0.4) | 0.7(0.9)* | NA | NA | |
|  |  |  | Cont (n = 60) |  | 3.8(1.1) | 3.8(1.1) |  |  |  | |