Table 1 Study characteristics
From: Effectiveness of virtual clinical learning in nursing education: a systematic review
No | Author | Year | Design | Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcomes | Dose | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Age# Years or Range or Mean/SD | Gender Female (%) or M(SD) | Sample size | Samples conditions | Â | Â | Variables | Instruments | |
1 | Kim [42] | 2012 | Quasi-experimental | Exp = 22.4(1.3) Cont = 22.4(1.3) | NA | 70 | Nursing students | Simulation-based education | Conventional pre-clinical practice orientation | Communication skills Clinical competence Nursing process Direct nursing intervention Psychosocial nursing Education for patients Basic nursing performance Physical examination patient and monitoring | Communication skill tool Clinical competence tool | D: NR C: 5 weeks F: 3 sessions |
2 | Lee [43] | 2016 | Quasi-experimental | 10(20.4) | NA | 49 | Nursing students | Clinical reasoning | Usual care | Nursing core competencies Academic self-efficacy Problem solving | Nursing core competencies measurement tool, Academic self-efficacy tool Problem solving skills tool | D: 120-minutes C: 16-weeks F: weekly |
3 | Choi [44] | 2018 | Quasi-experimental | 21.7(2.2) | 55(94.8) | 58 | Nursing students | Practicum with AEMR | Conventional Practicum | Critical thinking Satisfaction | Critical thinking Disposition Scale Self-developed scale | D: NR C: NR F: NR |
4 | Kang & Yu [45] | 2018 | Quasi-experimental | Cont = 21.9(2.6) Exp: 21.6(1.0) | Cont: 60(95.2) Exp: 53(88.3) | 123 | Nursing students | SSD and ID | Received only ID | Problem solving Perceptions of instructors’ efficacy in conducting debriefing Debriefing satisfaction | Problem Solving Process inventory Team effectiveness tool DASH 10-cm visual analogue scale | D: 4-hours C: 5-sessions F: unclear |
5 | Bate [46] | 2019 | Quasi-experimental | NA | 115(87.5%) | 132 | Nursing students | Active role | Observers’ role | Anxiety Satisfaction Self-confidence in learning Clinical ability Problem solving Confidence in clinical practice Collaboration | STAI SCLS SLEI | D: NR C: NR F: NR |
6 | Kim [47] | 2019 | Quasi-experimental | Exp 22.9 (2.8) Cont 22.7(1.9) | 32(94.1) | 74 | Nursing students | Simulation | Self-directed learning | College life Satisfaction Number of simulations Experience Self-confidence Assessment Diagnosis Implementation Evaluation Clinical judgment Noticing Interpreting Responding Reflecting Clinical decision making Search for alternatives or options Canvassing of objectives and values Evaluation and reevaluation of consequences Search for information and Unbiased assimilation of new information | Self-confidence for problem-solving CDMNS | D: 70-minutes C: NR F: NR |
7 | Oh [48] | 2021 | RCT | TLT = 20.6(0.70) Cont = (20.8(0.6) | NA | 56 | Nursing students | TLT + Debriefing | TLT only | Knowledge Problem solving Critical thinking disposition Reflection | Knowledge scale questionnaire Problem solving process tool Critical thinking disposition scale Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric | D: 50-minutes C: three meetings F: NR |
8 | Seo & Eom [49] | 2021 | Quasi-experimental | NA | 34(75.6%) | 45 | Nursing students | Simulation nursing education | Clinical traditional practicum | Clinical reasoning Problem-solving process Self-efficacy | OPT model for clinical reasoning Problem-solving process scale Neuroscience Nursing Self-Efficacy Scale | D: 60-hours C: 10-days F: 2-weeks |
9 | Chang [31] | 2022 | Quasi-experimental | Average age was 21 | Unspecified | 42 | Nursing students | MVR-SLS | Traditional instruction | OSCE competency, problem solving, engagement and learning satisfaction. | LSS, PSQ, OSCE competency examination, | D: unclear C: 3 weeks F: NR |
10 | Cengiz [50] | 2023 | RCT | Experimental19.6(1.19); Control 19.4(1.08) | 81(72%) | 112 | Nursing students | Scenario-based simulation | Usual care | Problem solving Self-efficacy | Problem solving inventory Self-efficacy scale | D: 90-minutes C: NR F: 2-days |
11 | Chang [51] | 2024 | Quasi-experimental | Unspecified | Unspecified | 44 | Nursing students | Scenario game-based learning | Adopted video-based learning | Learning performance Communication Collaboration Critical thinking Complex problem solving Creative thinking Computational thinking | Communication, collaboration, complex problem solving, and creative thinking questionnaire, critical thinking tendency scale & computational thinking scale | D: 100Â min C: 5 weeks F: weekly |
12 | Lin [30] | 2024 | Quasi-experimental | Average 19 years | NA | 123 | Nursing students | Computational thinking concept based PBL activity | Conventional PBL activity | Learning achievement Problem solving skills Confidence | Self-developed scale Problem solving skills questionnaire Confidence questionnaire | D: NR C: 4-months F: NR |