Effectiveness of Smart Mama application on postpartum depression, anxiety, and maternal-infant bonding among women during the postnatal period: a randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Comparison of the primary and secondary outcomes within (over time) and between-group interactions effects

Variables	Intervention (N = 66)		Controls (N = 67)		Time main effect P	Group main effect P	Group x Time effect P
Variables	Before mean (SD)	After mean (SD)	Before mean (SD)	After mean (SD)
EPDS score	9.03 (2.47)	5.61 (3.3)	9.1 (2.75)	7.16 (3.1)	0.001	0.023	0.043
STAI-S score	47.41 (4.65)	34.80 (5.03)	45.66 (5.39)	35.82 (4.09)	0.001	0.526	0.023
STAI-T score	47.70 (4.31)	33.65 (5.41)	46.84 (8.14)	37.16 (6.23)	0.001	0.077	0.005
MIBS score	5.06 (1.86)	2.82 (2.53)	5.79 (2.75)	4.24 (3.04)	0.001	0.002	0.249

The outcome measures changed within and between the intervention and control groups using two-way ANOVA
With repeated-measures tests at baseline and after the intervention, the main effect of time, and (group × time) effect
SD: standard deviation; EPDS, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale; N: number of participants; STAI-S, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI-T: Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale; MIBS: Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale

ISSN: 1472-6955