Table 3 Clinical reasoning skills in sepsis management and influencing factors

Harley et al. [12]

Australia

To explore emergency nurses’ clinical reasoning in recognizing and responding to patients with sepsis in EDs.

Qualitative descriptive study

Semi-structured interviews

14 Emergency nurses working in a 750-bed public tertiary teaching hospital

Identified six themes:

• organizational pressures, urgency

• staff supervision

• staff experience, knowledge, and advice-seeking.

Andersson et al. [21]

Sweden

To describe clinical reasoning processes and influencing factors in EMS during sepsis management.

Qualitative single-case study

Participant observation, audio recordings, group interviews

25 RNs from five EMS stations, with a mean experience of 16.2 years

• patient narrative, environment, and experience.

Yan et al. [27]

Norway

To develop an ontology to capture sepsis-related bloodstream infections and improve reasoning.

Quantitative retrospective study

Ontology-based annotation

18,555 adverse event reports

• Ontology for Sepsis Peripheral intravenous catheter-related Bloodstream infections (OSPB)

Scherer et al. [22]

Brazil

To analyze critical alarms predicting clinical deterioration and sepsis to support decision-making.

Observational retrospective cohort study

Machine Learning tool Robot Laura^®

122,703 alarms, 254 considered for 61 patients

• Machine learning

de Mendonça Henrique et al. [28]

Brazil

To map care protocols used by nurses for early identification of sepsis.

Scoping review

Review of six studies using quality improvement projects

6 studies on nursing protocols

• Nurse-managed sepsis protocols.