Table 3 Percentages of correct answers of nurses’ knowledge questions (modified PUKT)
|  | National (n = 605) | Hospital | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Â | ||
(n = 146) | (n = 119) | (n = 107) | (n = 80) | (n = 74) | (n = 59) | (n = 20) | |||
1 Stage I of pressure ulcer is defined as an erythema that does not whiten (T) | 76.4 | 74.0 | 86.6 | 71.0 | 77.5 | 78.4 | 67.8 | 75.0 | 0.070 |
2 Risks of developing pressure ulcer: mobility; incontinence; suitable nutrition and alteration in the consciousness level (T) | 62.5 | 56.2 | 62.2 | 68.2 | 61.3 | 66.2 | 71.2 | 45.0 | 0.173 |
3 All the individuals at pressure ulcer risk should have a systematic skin inspection at least once a week (F) | 45.8 | 48.6 | 58.8 | 38.3 | 42.5 | 55.4 | 25.4 | 25.0 | < 0.001 |
4 Hot water and soap may dry the skin and increase the risk of pressure ulcer (T) | 67.1 | 67.8 | 79.8 | 64.5 | 66.3 | 60.8 | 57.6 | 55.0 | 0.028 |
5 It is important to massage the osseous prominences if they are reddish (F) | 46.0 | 33.6 | 55.5 | 41.1 | 47.5 | 56.8 | 50.8 | 45.0 | 0.005 |
6 A pressure ulcer in stage III is a partial skin loss involving epidermis (F) | 53.2 | 53.4 | 48.7 | 57.0 | 46.3 | 59.5 | 54.2 | 60.0 | 0.584 |
7 Everybody, at admission, should be evaluated regarding the risk of developing pressure ulcer (T) | 90.9 | 90.4 | 95.8 | 91.6 | 85.0 | 85.1 | 96.6 | 90.0 | 0.057 |
8 Starch, creams, transparent dressings and hydrocolloid dressings do not protect against the friction effects (T) | 35.4 | 37.0 | 32.8 | 37.4 | 45.0 | 17.6 | 40.7 | 40.0 | 0.019 |
9 Pressure ulcers in stage IV show total skin loss with intense destruction and tissue necrosis or muscles, bones or supporting structures damage (T) | 92.7 | 93.2 | 95.0 | 94.4 | 91.3 | 89.2 | 91.5 | 90.0 | 0.766 |
10 A diet intake suitable to the patient protein-calorie needs should be maintained during the disease (T) | 94.2 | 95.9 | 96.6 | 93.5 | 91.3 | 91.9 | 94.9 | 90.0 | 0.560 |
11 Bedridden people should be repositioned every 3Â hours (F) | 46.6 | 42.5 | 52.9 | 43.9 | 42.5 | 40.5 | 55.9 | 65.0 | 0.140 |
12 A timetable for decubitus change should be written for each patient at risk (T) | 93.6 | 95.9 | 96.6 | 92.5 | 90.0 | 90.5 | 91.5 | 95.0 | 0.355 |
13 Protector such as water gloves soothe the calcaneus pressure (F) | 20.7 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 28.0 | 40.0 | 17.6 | 10.2 | 55.0 | < 0.001 |
14 Donut-shaped or ring-shaped cushions help with the pressure ulcer prevention (F) | 17.5 | 13.7 | 10.9 | 13.1 | 31.3 | 20.3 | 25.4 | 20.0 | 0.003 |
15 Laterally, the person should be in a 30 degree angle with the bed (T) | 77.4 | 76.7 | 81.5 | 75.7 | 78.8 | 75.7 | 69.5 | 90.0 | 0.482 |
16 The bed should be raised and maintained in a low level of elevation (not higher than a 30 degree angle) in compliance with the clinical conditions and medical recommendations (T) | 85.3 | 87.0 | 85.7 | 84.1 | 82.5 | 79.7 | 91.5 | 90.0 | 0.547 |
17 A person who cannot move should be repositioned while sitting in bed every 2Â hours (F) | 14.4 | 15.8 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 13.8 | 17.6 | 6.8 | 10.0 | 0.399 |
18 The people who can learn should be oriented to change their weight every 15Â minutes while sitting in the chair (T) | 57.4 | 50.7 | 65.5 | 54.2 | 55.0 | 56.8 | 62.7 | 70.0 | 0.201 |
19 The people who remain in the chair should use a cushion for the chair protection (T) | 79.8 | 72.6 | 81.5 | 84.1 | 78.8 | 81.1 | 86.4 | 80.0 | 0.246 |
20 Pressure ulcers in stage II show skin loss in the total thickness (F) | 41.2 | 39.0 | 42.0 | 43.9 | 32.5 | 41.9 | 49.2 | 45.0 | 0.568 |
21 The skin should remain clean and dry (T) | 92.7 | 93.2 | 97.5 | 91.6 | 92.5 | 89.2 | 89.8 | 90.0 | 0.363 |
22 Prevention measures are not required to prevent new lesions when the patient already has pressure ulcer (F) | 83.6 | 87.7 | 89.1 | 78.5 | 78.8 | 83.8 | 78.0 | 85.0 | 0.164 |
23 Mobile sheets or bedding should be used to transfer or move patients (T) | 92.2 | 91.8 | 97.5 | 94.4 | 86.3 | 90.5 | 93.2 | 80.0 | 0.031 |
24 Dependent patients should be repositioned or transferred by two individuals (T) | 91.1 | 95.2 | 95.8 | 91.6 | 85.0 | 90.5 | 81.4 | 85.0 | 0.007 |
25 Rehabilitation measures should be instituted if the general status of the patient permits (T) | 90.7 | 91.8 | 90.8 | 90.7 | 90.0 | 90.5 | 91.5 | 85.0 | 0.983 |
26 Every patient admitted in the Intensive Care Unit should be subjected to a risk evaluation of developing pressure ulcer (T) | 91.6 | 91.1 | 95.0 | 89.7 | 88.8 | 90.5 | 93.2 | 95.0 | 0.714 |
27 Patients and relatives should be oriented about the causes and risk factors of development of pressure ulcer (T) | 94.4 | 94.5 | 97.5 | 95.3 | 90.0 | 94.6 | 96.6 | 95.0 | 0.420 |
28 The osseous prominences may be in touch (F) | 37.5 | 34.9 | 38.7 | 39.3 | 36.3 | 44.6 | 30.5 | 40.0 | 0.738 |
29 Every person evaluated as at risk of developing pressure ulcer should be placed on a pressure reducing mattress (water mattress) (T) | 87.3 | 87.7 | 95.8 | 83.2 | 86.3 | 81.1 | 91.5 | 70.0 | 0.005 |
30 The skin exposed to humidity is more easily damaged (T) | 84.3 | 84.2 | 89.9 | 86.0 | 81.3 | 81.1 | 81.4 | 80.0 | 0.557 |
31 Pressure ulcers are sterile wounds (F) | 64.1 | 65.1 | 67.2 | 55.1 | 68.8 | 62.2 | 66.1 | 70.0 | 0.472 |
32 A pressure ulcer scar may be damaged faster than the whole skin (T) | 88.1 | 87.0 | 91.6 | 92.5 | 86.3 | 86.5 | 83.1 | 80.0 | 0.351 |
33 A blister in the calcaneus should not be a reason for concern (F) | 91.7 | 92.5 | 94.1 | 93.5 | 85.0 | 91.9 | 89.8 | 95.0 | 0.343 |
34 A measure to reduce the calcaneus pressure is to elevate them (T) | 84.0 | 81.5 | 90.8 | 85.0 | 81.3 | 82.4 | 78.0 | 90.0 | 0.276 |
35 All the administered care to prevent and treat pressure ulcers should not be documented (F) | 84.8 | 86.3 | 90.8 | 86.0 | 75.0 | 91.9 | 74.6 | 75.0 | 0.005 |
36 Shear is the power that occurs when the skin adheres to a surface and the body slides in the opposite direction (T) | 80.0 | 78.1 | 85.7 | 77.6 | 86.3 | 73.0 | 76.3 | 85.0 | 0.222 |
37 Friction may occur when the person is moved in bed (T) | 80.8 | 76.0 | 95.8 | 76.6 | 72.5 | 79.7 | 83.1 | 80.0 | < 0.001 |
38 The pressure ulcers in stage II may be extremely painful because of the exposure of the nervous ends (T) | 67.8 | 65.8 | 67.2 | 67.3 | 75.0 | 75.7 | 59.3 | 55.0 | 0.257 |
39 For people with incontinence, the cleaning of the skin should start the moment it occurs and in the routine intervals (T) | 90.4 | 90.4 | 94.1 | 89.7 | 88.8 | 87.8 | 91.5 | 85.0 | 0.741 |
40 Educational programs may reduce the pressure ulcer incidence (T) | 94.4 | 91.8 | 98.3 | 97.2 | 93.8 | 91.9 | 98.3 | 85.0 | 0.035 |
41 Hospitalised patients need to be evaluated regarding the risk of pressure ulcer only once (F) | 82.5 | 89.0 | 86.8 | 80.4 | 71.3 | 81.1 | 76.3 | 90.0 | 0.017 |
Number of percentages ≥90.0 | 13 | 13 | 18 | 12 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 0.255 |