Table 2 Main categories and related sub-categories

1. Repulsions inside the country

Disproportionate workload and salary

The low dignity of nurses in society

Economic and social challenges

Incentivized emigration

Professional promotion restrictions

High workload

2. Allures abroad

A better future for offspring

The attractiveness of foreign countries

Proportionality of salary and expenses

Patient-centeredness

Straightforward recruitment of nurses

A sense of dignity and value abroad

Safer work environment

Desirable lifestyle abroad

3. Emigration challenges and obstacles

Language learning problems

The hardships of the admission process

Homesickness after immigration

Housing-related problems

Cultural challenges

Imposing double mental and emotional pressures

The difference in working conditions in Iran

Limitations of living outside of Iran